<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vvia</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вопросы всеобщей истории архитектуры</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Questions of the History of World Architecture</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2500-0616</issn><publisher><publisher-name>НИУ МГСУ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22227/2500-0616.2025.24.54-68</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vvia-164</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Архитектура Древнего мира и Средних веков</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Ancient and Medieval Architecture</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Пагоды Японии: функция и символ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Pagodas of Japan: Function and Symbol</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коновалова</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Konovalova</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Коновалова Нина Анатольевна, кандидат искусствоведения, советник РААСН, ведущий научный сотрудник Научно-исследовательского института теории и истории изобразительных искусств</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Konovalova Nina Anatol’evna, Candidate in the History of Arts, Leading Researcher at the Research Institute of the Theory and History of Fine Arts</p><p>Prechistenka street, 21, 119034, Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">phuekirjuko@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российская академия художеств (НИИ РАХ)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Academy of Arts</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>1 (24)</issue><fpage>54</fpage><lpage>68</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Коновалова Н.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Коновалова Н.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Konovalova N.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vvia.mgsu.ru/jour/article/view/164">https://vvia.mgsu.ru/jour/article/view/164</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье исследуется феномен японских пагод как ключевого архитектурного, религиозного и культурного символа Японии с VI в. до современности. Пагоды, заимствованные из Китая и Кореи, эволюционировали в уникальные деревянные сооружения, сочетающие в себе эстетическую гармонию и сейсмоустойчивость. Выделяется роль пагод в формировании силуэта городов Японии, где они служили пространственными доминантами и символом буддийской космологии. Особое внимание уделено конструктивным решениям, обеспечившим пагодам многовековую устойчивость, прежде всего, это система шарнирных соединений, центральный столб (симбасира), гасящий колебания, прогрессивное сужение ярусов и технологии цунаги хидзики. На примере древнейших пагод буддийских монастырей Асука-дэра, Хорюдзи, Якусидзи раскрыты их символические функции, историческое значение, а также роль в политических ритуалах. В статье подчеркивается влияние традиционных принципов строительства пагод на современную японскую архитектуру, например, гибкие каркасы небоскребов и разделение частот колебаний в башне Tokyo Sky Tree демонстрируют преемственность инженерных решений. </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article examines the phenomenon of Japanese pagodas as a key architectural, religious, and cultural symbol of Japan from the 6th century to the present day. Pagodas, originally borrowed from China and Korea, evolved into unique wooden structures combining aesthetic harmony with seismic resilience. The role of pagodas in shaping the silhouette of Japanese cities is highlighted, where they served as spatial landmarks and symbols of Buddhist cosmology. Particular attention is paid to the structural solutions that ensured the pagodas’ centuries-long stability, primarily the system of interlocking joints, the central pillar (shinbashira) which dampens vibrations, the progressive narrowing of tiers, and the tsunagi hijiki (connecting beam) techniques. Using the example of the ancient pagodas of the Asukadera, Hōryūji, and Yakushiji Buddhist monasteries, their symbolic functions, historical significance, and role in political rituals are explored. The article emphasizes the influence of traditional pagoda construction principles on contemporary Japanese architecture; for instance, the flexible frameworks of skyscrapers and the frequency separation design in the Tokyo Sky Tree tower demonstrate the continuity of engineering solutions.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>японские пагоды</kwd><kwd>историческая эволюция архитектуры пагод</kwd><kwd>символика</kwd><kwd>конструктивные особенности</kwd><kwd>сейсмоустойчивость</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Japanese pagodas</kwd><kwd>historical development of pagoda architecture</kwd><kwd>symbolism</kwd><kwd>structural features</kwd><kwd>seismic resistance</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ван 2021 — Ван К. История древних китайских башен и пагод / пер. с кит. Н.Н. Рыбалко. М.: «Шанс», 2021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van K. Istoriia drevnikh kitaiskikh bashen i pagod (The history of ancient Chinese towers and pagodas). Transl. from Chinese N.N. Rybalko. Moscow: «Shans» Publ., 2021 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Григорьева 1979 — Григорьева Т.П. Японская художественная традиция. М.: Наука, 1979.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Inoue M. Hōkōji to kodai bukkyō. Yoshikawa Kōbunkan (Asuka Temple and Ancient Buddhism). Yoshikawa Kōbunkan Publ., 2002 (in Japanese).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Иноуэ 2002 — 井上満郎. 『飛鳥寺と古代仏教』. 吉川弘文館 (Inoue M. Асука-дэра и древний буддизм. Yoshikawa Kōbunkan), 2002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konishi A., Watanabe K., Nishi N., Esaka Y. Tōkyō Sukai Tsurī no taishintaifū sekkei. Nikken Sekkei (Seismic and Wind-resistant Design of Tokyo Skytree). Nikken Sekkei Publ., 2011 (in Japanese).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кагэки 2022 — 荊木美行『日本書紀の成立と史料性』燃焼社、(Кагэки М. Становление и историография Нихонсёки. Tokyo), 2022.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konovalova N.A. Skailain Iaponii: proshloe, nastoiashchee i budushchee (Japan’s Skyline: past, present and future). Sovremennaia arkhitektura mira (Contemporary world’s architecture), no. 5, 2015, pp. 141–162 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Козлова 2009 — Козлова М.А. Типология буддийских пагод Китая конца IV – начала X в. (провинции Ганьсу, Шэньси, Хэнань, Шаньдун, Шаньси): дис. … канд. искусствоведения. М., 2009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konovalova N.A. Mezhdunarodnaia vystavka 1910 g.: dialog Iaponii s mirom (The International Exhibition of 1910: Japan’s Dialogue with the World). Voprosy vseobshchei istorii arkhitektury (Questions of the History of World Architecture), no. 2 (9), 2017, pp. 148–158 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кониси 2011 — 小西厚夫・渡辺一成・中西­規夫・江坂佳賢：『東京スカイツリーの耐震・耐風設計』日建設計 (Кониси А., Кадзунари В., Норио Н., Ёсикен Э. Сейсмостойкость и устойчивость к ветру Tokyo Sky Tree. Никкэн Сэккэй), 2011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meshcheriakov A., Grachev M. Istoriia drevnei Iaponii (The History of ancient Japan). Moscow: Natalis Publ., 2010 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коновалова 2015 — Коновалова Н.А Скайлайн Японии: прошлое, настоящее и будущее // Современная архитектура мира. № 5. 2015. С. 141–162.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ota H. Nihon no kenchiku: Rekishi to dentō. Chikuma Gakugei Bunko (Japanese Architecture: History and Tradition). Tokyo: Chikuma Shobō Publ., 2013 (in Japanese).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коновалова 2017 — Коновалова Н.А. Международная выставка 1910 г.: диалог Японии с миром // Вопросы всеобщей истории архитектуры. № 2 (9). 2017. С. 148–158.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hashizume S. Nippon no tō: Tawā no toshi kenchikushi (Towers of Japan: An Urban Architectural History). Tokyo, 2012 (in Japanese).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мещеряков 2010 — Мещеряков А., Грачев М. История древней Японии. М.: Наталис, 2010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shevchenko M.Yu. Buddiiskie dragotsennye stupy v izobrazitel’nom iskusstve Kitaia VI–IX vekov (Buddhist precious stupas in the fine art of China of the VI–IX centuries). Dekorativnoe iskusstvo i predmetno-prostranstvennaia sreda. Vestnik RGKhPU im. S.G. Stroganova (De­co­rative art and the object-spatial environment. Bulletin of the Russian State Pedagogical University named after S.G. Stroganov), no. 4–1, 2023, pp. 14–25 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ота 2013 — 太田博太郎「日本の建築 歴史と伝統」. ちくま学芸文庫 (Ота Х. История и традиции японской архитектуры. Tokyo: Chikuma Shobō), 2013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Asuka: The Cradle of Japanese Buddhist Art. Nara National Museum Publ., 2010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Такэси Умэхара 1982 — 梅原猛「塔」「塔と日本文化」梅原猛著作集第九巻 (Такэси Умэхара. Башня в культуре Японии. Т. 9. Tokyo), 1982.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bao Y., Qing T., Letitia L. Buddhist Art and Archi­tecture of China. Edwin Mellen Press, 2004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tanaka 1987 — 田中 潔「東寺五重塔の壁画について」美術研究 (Tanaka K. О настенной живописи пятиярусной пагоды Тодзи // Искусствоведение), 1987.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hirabayashi M. Kamakura Period Buddhist Temples: Architecture and Iconography. Kyoto University Press, 2013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хасидзумэ 2012 — 橋爪紳也「ニッポンの塔 タワーの都市建築史」 (Хасидзумэ С. Японская башня: история городской архитектуры башни. Tokyo), 2012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miyamoto C., Saito H. Shaking Table Tests and Numerical Analysis of the Seismic Response of Japanese Pagodas. Journal of Structural Engineering, no. 130 (2), 2004, pp. 271–279.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шевченко 2023 — Шевченко М.Ю. Буддийские драгоценные ступы в изобразительном искусстве Китая VI–IX веков // Декоративное искусство и предметно-пространственная среда. Вестник РГХПУ им. С.Г. Строганова. № 4–1. 2023. С. 14–25.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Steinhardt N.S. Buddhist Architecture in Japan. Buddhist Architecture of East Asia. Brill Publ., 2014, pp. 109–145.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Asuka 2010 — Asuka: The Cradle of Japanese Buddhist Art. Nara National Museum, 2010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Asuka 2010 — Asuka: The Cradle of Japanese Buddhist Art. Nara National Museum, 2010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bao 2004 — Bao Y., Qing T., Letitia L. Buddhist Art and Architecture of China. Edwin Mellen Press, 2004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bao 2004 — Bao Y., Qing T., Letitia L. Buddhist Art and Architecture of China. Edwin Mellen Press, 2004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Visser 1913 — De Visser M.W. The Dragon in China and Japan. Amsterdam: J. Müller, 1913.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Visser 1913 — De Visser M.W. The Dragon in China and Japan. Amsterdam: J. Müller, 1913.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Edward Kidder 1964 — Kidder J.E. The Birth of Japanese Art. London: George Allen &amp; Unwin, 1964.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Edward Kidder 1964 — Kidder J.E. The Birth of Japanese Art. London: George Allen &amp; Unwin, 1964.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hirabayashi 2013 — Hirabayashi M. Kamakura Period Buddhist Temples: Architecture and Iconography. Kyoto University Press, 2013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hirabayashi 2013 — Hirabayashi M. Kamakura Period Buddhist Temples: Architecture and Iconography. Kyoto University Press, 2013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miyamoto 2004 — Miyamoto C., Saito H. Shaking Table Tests and Numerical Analysis of the Seismic Response of Japanese Pagodas // Journal of Structural Engineering. Nо. 130 (2). 2004. Р. 271–279.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miyamoto 2004 — Miyamoto C., Saito H. Shaking Table Tests and Numerical Analysis of the Seismic Response of Japanese Pagodas // Journal of Structural Engineering. Nо. 130 (2). 2004. Р. 271–279.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kazuo 1996 — Kazuo N., Kazuo H. What is Japanese architecture? A Survey of Traditional Japanese Architecture. Kodansha USA, 1996.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kazuo 1996 — Kazuo N., Kazuo H. What is Japanese architecture? A Survey of Traditional Japanese Architecture. Kodansha USA, 1996.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Steinhardt 2014 — Steinhardt N.S. Buddhist Architecture in Japan // Buddhist Architecture of East Asia. Brill, 2014. P. 109–145.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Steinhardt 2014 — Steinhardt N.S. Buddhist Architecture in Japan // Buddhist Architecture of East Asia. Brill, 2014. P. 109–145.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Suzuki 1956 — Suzuki D.T. Zen Buddhism, Selected Writings. Ed. W. Barret. N.Y., 1956.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Suzuki 1956 — Suzuki D.T. Zen Buddhism, Selected Writings. Ed. W. Barret. N.Y., 1956.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
