<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vvia</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вопросы всеобщей истории архитектуры</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Questions of the History of World Architecture</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2500-0616</issn><publisher><publisher-name>НИУ МГСУ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22227/2500-0616.2025.25.8-17</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vvia-177</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Теоретические вопросы изучения истории архитектуры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Theoretical questions of the history of architecture</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Пропорциональный анализ пирамид Египта. Пифагоровы треугольники</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Proportional Analysis of the Pyramids of Egypt. Pythagorean Triangles</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ковалев</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kovalev</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ковалев Андрей Николаевич, независимый исследователь</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kovalev Andrei Nikolaevich, independent researcher</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ser.levsha@yandex.ru</email></contrib></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2 (25)</issue><fpage>8</fpage><lpage>17</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ковалев А.Н., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ковалев А.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kovalev A.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vvia.mgsu.ru/jour/article/view/177">https://vvia.mgsu.ru/jour/article/view/177</self-uri><abstract><p>Использование принципа пропорционального анализа египетских пирамид, основанного на представлении, что основные размеры архитектурных сооружений выбирались равными целым числам мерных модулей, позволяет определить, какой точно был наклон и какой мерный модуль выбрал архитектор (из числа известных в истории египетской архитектуры), несмотря на порою достаточно большой диапазон измеренных углов и длин оснований. Из этого принципа следует правило: при наклоне пирамид, равном дроби m/n, длина основания должна быть пропорциональна числу m в выбранном архитектором модуле. Применение его при анализе пирамид, в которых при выборе наклона могли использовать пифагоровы треугольники, позволяет подтвердить гипотезу применения именно таких треугольников в подавляющем большинстве случаев и определить мерный модуль, выбранный архитектором. При этом получается, что из рассмотренных 16 пирамид IV–XII династий, включая малые, только в 6–8 случаях основные размеры задавались в царских локтях. При задании длины основания и высоты пирамиды кроме царского локтя использовались, как минимум, еще четыре других модуля. Показано, что только в 4–6 случаях из 16 при задании наклона мог использоваться секед. Неиспользование секеда в тождественных, но более ранних случаях позволяет выдвинуть гипотезу, что секед, как принцип задания наклона, мог не применяться в Древнем царстве. Подтверждение использования пифагоровых треугольников (3, 4, 5), (8, 15, 17) и (20, 21, 29) в III тысячелетии до н.э. позволяет предположить, что тогда в Египте могли знать теорему Пифагора.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The use of the principle of proportional analysis of Egyptian pyramids, based on the idea that the main dimensions of architectural structures were chosen equal to whole numbers of dimensional modules, allows us to determine which dimensional module the architect chose and what the exact slope was, despite the sometimes quite large range of measured angles. The rule follows from this principle: with the slope of the pyramids equal to the fraction m/n, the length of the base should be proportional to the number m in the module chosen by the architect. Its application in the analysis of pyramids in which Pythagorean triangles could be used to choose the slope, in almost all cases allows us to confirm the hypothesis of using precisely such triangles and to determine the dimensional module chosen by the architect. It turns out that out of the 16 pyramids of the IV–XII dynasties considered, including small ones, only in 6–8 cases were the main dimensions set in royal cubits. When setting the base length and the height of the pyramid, in addition to the royal cubit, at least four other modules were used. It is shown that only in 4–6 cases out of 16 seked could be used when specifying the slope. Confirmation of the use of Pythagorean triangles (3, 4, 5), (8, 15, 17) and (20, 21, 29) in the 3rd millennium BC allows us to assume that the Pythagorean theorem could have been known at that time.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>пропорциональный анализ пирамид</kwd><kwd>пифагоровы треугольники</kwd><kwd>мерные модули</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Proportional analysis of pyramids</kwd><kwd>Pythagorean triangles</kwd><kwd>dimensional modules</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Замаровский 1981 — Замаровский В. Их величества пирамиды. М.: Наука, 1981.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zamarovskii V. Ikh velichestva piramidy (Their Majesties Pyramids). Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1981 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ИМ 1970 — История математики с древнейших времен до начала XIX столетия. В 3 т. Т. 1. М.: Наука, 1970.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Istoriia matematiki s drevneishikh vremen do nachala XIX stoletiia (History of Mathematics from Ancient Times to the Beginning of the 19th Century. In 3 vols), vol. 1. Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1970 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ковалев 2021 — Ковалев А.Н. Эволюция системы модулей в контексте истории математики. Появление царского локтя в Древнем царстве Египта // Вопросы всеобщей истории архитектуры. 2021. № 2 (17). С. 33–46.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kovalev A.N. Evolyutsiya sistemy moduley v kontekste istorii matematiki. Poyavleniye tsarskogo loktya v Drevnem tsarstve Yegipta (Evolution of the System of Modules in the Context of the History of Mathematics. The Appearance of the Royal Cubit in the Ancient Kingdom of Egypt). Voprosy vseobshchey istorii arkhitektury (Questions of the History of World Architecture), no. 2 (17), 2021, рp. 33–46 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ковалев 2022 — Ковалев А.Н. Эволюция системы модулей в контексте истории математики. Фут и дюйм в Древнем царстве Египта // Вопросы всеобщей истории архитектуры. 2022. № 1 (18). С. 23–37.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kovalev A.N. Evoliutsiia sistemy modulei v kontekste istorii matematiki. Fut i diuim v Drevnem tsarstve Egipta. (Evolution of the System of Modules in The Context of The History of Mathematics. Foot and Inch in the Old Kingdom of Egypt). Voprosy vseobshchey istorii arkhitektury (Questions of the History of World Architecture), 2022, no. 2 (18), рp. 23–37 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лауэр 1966 — Лауэр Ж.-Ф. Загадки египетских пирамид. М.: Наука, 1966.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shchetnikov A.I. Zolotoe sechenie, kvadratnye korni i proportsii piramid v Gize Golden ratio, square roots and proportions of the pyramids at Giza (The Golden Ratio, Square Roots, and the Proportions of the Pyramids at Giza). Istoriko-matematicheskie issledovaniia (Historical and mathematical research), 2009, vol. 13 (48), pp. 198–216 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Щетников 2009 — Щетников А.И. Золотое сечение, квадратные корни и пропорции пирамид в Гизе // Историко-математические исследования. 2009. № 13 (48). С. 198–216.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burrows R. 3D Thinking in Design and Architecture: From Antiquity to the Future. London: Thames &amp; Hudson Publ., 2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burrows 2018 — Burrows R. 3D Thinking in Design and Architecture: From Antiquity to the Future. London: Thames &amp; Hudson, 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hirsch A.P. Ancient Egyptian Cubits — Origin and Evolution: PhD thesis. Toronto, 2013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hirsch 2013 — Hirsch A.P. Ancient Egyptian Cubits — Origin and Evolution: PhD thesis. Toronto, 2013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lehner M. The Complete Pyramids. London: Thames &amp; Hudson Publ., 1997.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lehner 1997 — Lehner M. The Complete Pyramids. London: Thames &amp; Hudson, 1997.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lightbody D.I., Monnier F. An Elegant Vault Design Principle Identified in Old and New Kingdom Architecture. The Journal of Ancient Egyptian Architecture, vol. 2, 2017, pp. 55–69.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lightbody 2017 — Lightbody D.I., Monnier F. An Elegant Vault Design Principle Identified in Old and New Kingdom Architecture // JAEA. 2017. Vol. 2. P. 55–69.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Robins G., Shute Ch.C.D. Mathematical Based of Ancient Egyptian architecture and graphic art. Historia Mathematica, vol. 12, no. 2, 1985, pp. 107–122.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">M&amp;R 1963 — Maragioglio V., Rinaldi C. L’architettura delle Piramidi Menfite. Parte III. Il Complesso di Meydum, la piramide a Doppia Pendenza e la piramide Settentrionale in Pietra di Dahsciur. Torino: Artale, 1963.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rossi C. Architecture and Mathematics in Ancient Egypet. Cambridge University press, 2003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Robins 1985 — Robins G., Shute Ch.C.D. Mathematical Based of Ancient Egyptian Architecture and Graphic Art // Historia Mathematica. 1985. Vol. 12. Nо. 2. P. 107–122.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Verner M. The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture, and Science of Egypt’s Great Monuments. New York: Grove Press, 2001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rossi 2003 — Rossi С. Architecture and Mathematics in Ancient Egypet. Cambridge University press, 2003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rossi 2003 — Rossi С. Architecture and Mathematics in Ancient Egypet. Cambridge University press, 2003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Verner 2001 — Verner M. The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture, and Science of Egypt’s Great Monuments. New York: Grove Press, 2001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Verner 2001 — Verner M. The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture, and Science of Egypt’s Great Monuments. New York: Grove Press, 2001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
