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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vvia</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вопросы всеобщей истории архитектуры</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Questions of the History of World Architecture</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2500-0616</issn><publisher><publisher-name>НИУ МГСУ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.25995/NIITIAG.2021.16.1.017</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">PZXKVQ</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vvia-39</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Архитектура Древнего мира и Средних веков</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Ancient and Medieval Architecture</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>К вопросу о соотношении скального и наземного в церковном зодчестве Эфиопии в контексте классификации памятников</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>On the question of ratio of built to rock-hewn parts in the ecclesiastic architecture of Ethiopia in the context of the classification of its monuments</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Клюев</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Klyuev</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Клюев Сергей Андреевич, научный сотрудник</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Klyuev Sergey, research fellow </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">serjklyuvue@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научно-исследовательский институт теории и истории архитектуры и градостроительства - филиал ФГБУ «ЦНИИП Минстроя России»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Scientific Research Institute of Theory and History of Architecture and Urban Planning, branch of the Central Institute for Research and Design of the Ministry of Construction and Housing and Communal Services of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>06</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>1 (16)</issue><fpage>54</fpage><lpage>71</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Клюев С.А., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Клюев С.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Klyuev S.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vvia.mgsu.ru/jour/article/view/39">https://vvia.mgsu.ru/jour/article/view/39</self-uri><abstract><p>Проблема соотношения скального и наземного в церковном зодчестве Эфиопии представляет большой научный интерес. Она непосредственно связана с решением такой фундаментальной задачи, как создание типологической классификации христианских памятников Эфиопского нагорья, необходимой для понимания этой архитектуры. Именно этой проблеме и посвящена статья.</p><p>Классификация памятников церковной архитектуры Эфиопии, в той или иной степени имеющих отношение к скальному зодчеству, может строиться на различных принципах. Помимо классификации на основе архитектурных признаков правомерно предложить классификацию по признакам того или иного соотношения скальной и наземной частей, особенностей взаимодействия храмов со скальным объемом. Этот вид классификации позволяет создать основу для решения такого фундаментального вопроса, как генезис скальных либо выстроенных в непосредственном взаимодействии со скальным объемом христианских храмов.</p><p>Принцип классификации подобного рода предлагался учеными и ранее. Наиболее разработанной можно считать систему Франсиса Анфрэ. Однако и ее нельзя признать совершенной. Автор, взяв за отправную точку подход Ф. Анфрэ, развивает предложенную им систему классификации.</p><p>Помимо рассмотрения различных типов скальных храмов Эфиопии в статье проводятся параллели с памятниками обширного региона христианского Востока, прежде всего областей Малой Азии и Закавказья. Отдельное внимание уделяется феномену инкрустации вырубленных в скальной породе архитектурных форм дополнительными элементами из дерева или других материалов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The problem of relations between rock-hewn and built in the ecclesiastic architecture of Ethiopia is of great scholarly interest. It is directly related to the solution of such fundamental problem as the creation of a typological classification of Christian monuments of the Ethiopian Highlands, which is necessary for understanding this architecture. That is the problem the article is devoted to.</p><p>The classification of monuments of ecclesiastic architecture in Ethiopia, related to rock-hewn (cave) architecture, can be based on various principles. In addition to the classification based on architectural features, it is legitimate to propose a classification based on the characteristics of ratio of rock-hewn and built parts, the peculiarities of the interaction of churches with a rock volume. This type of classification allows creating a basis for solving such fundamental issue as the genesis of rock-hewn Christian churches or built in direct interaction with the rocky volume ones.</p><p>The principle of classification of this kind was earlier proposed by researchers. The most developed system was worked out by Francis Anfray. However, it cannot be considered perfect either. Taking the approach of F. Anfray as a starting point, the author develops his own classification system, which he proposes further.</p><p>In addition to considering various types of rock-hewn (cave) churches in Ethiopia, the article draws parallels with the monuments of the vast region of the Christian Orient, primarily the regions of Asia Minor and the Transcaucasia. Special attention is paid to the phenomenon of incrustation of architectural forms cut in the rock with additional elements made of wood or other materials.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>скальное зодчество</kwd><kwd>скальные церкви</kwd><kwd>пещерные церкви</kwd><kwd>Эфиопия</kwd><kwd>Тыграй</kwd><kwd>Христианский Восток</kwd><kwd>типология</kwd><kwd>классификация</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>rock-hewn architecture</kwd><kwd>rock-hewn churches</kwd><kwd>cave churches</kwd><kwd>Ethiopia</kwd><kwd>Tigray</kwd><kwd>Christian Orient</kwd><kwd>typology</kwd><kwd>classification</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке Российского фонда фундаментальных исследований в рамках научного проекта № 19-012-00299 А.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бахтадзе Н. 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